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Jun 18, 2026 Major2
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ProPublica Investigation Reveals Chinese and Russian Investors Held Hidden Stakes in SpaceX Before IPO

ProPublica obtained court records revealing that investors from China, Hong Kong, and Russia acquired stakes in SpaceX between 2018 and 2021, including a $15 million investment from a Beijing venture capital firm with ties to sanctioned companies. SpaceX barred Chinese and Hong Kong investors from its recent record-breaking IPO due to regulatory and compliance risks.





Quick Facts
Who
Elon Musk
What
ProPublica obtained SpaceX private investor records through court proceedings
When
2018 to 2021 (investment period)
Where
United States
- ProPublica obtained SpaceX private investor records through court proceedings
- Investors from China, Hong Kong, and Russia acquired stakes in SpaceX
- David Su's entity invested $15 million in a SpaceX fund
- SpaceX barred Chinese and Hong Kong investors from its IPO
- SpaceX IPO made Elon Musk the world's first trillionaire
An investigation by ProPublica, based on court-obtained records of SpaceX's private investor list, has revealed that investors from China, Hong Kong, and Russia acquired stakes in the rocket company between 2018 and 2021, raising concerns about foreign investment in sensitive U.S. defense contractors. The investments, which ranged from $800,000 to $40 million, were facilitated through a U.S. middleman firm called Tomales Bay Capital and involved at least a dozen investors with addresses in mainland China, Hong Kong, or Russia.
Among the investors was an entity owned by David Su, co-founder of the prominent Beijing venture capital firm MPCi, which invested $15 million in a SpaceX fund in 2020. Su's firm has also backed SpaceX competitors, including two satellite companies that were sanctioned by the U.S. government for allegedly assisting the Russian mercenary organization Wagner Group and, in one case, for helping Iran attack U.S. military forces. An entity linked to the Qatari royal family also acquired a stake in SpaceX. While there is no legal ban on Chinese investment in U.S. military contractors, such investment is heavily regulated due to concerns about espionage and unauthorized access to technology.
SpaceX built its business on sensitive government work, including manufacturing spy satellites for the Pentagon. In recognition of regulatory risks, the company barred investors from China and Hong Kong from participating in its initial public offering last week, the largest IPO in history. The offering made Elon Musk the world's first trillionaire. A lawyer for Tomales Bay Capital stated that the firm has not provided nonpublic or sensitive SpaceX information to investors and that they are passive limited partners receiving only fund financials and quarterly valuations. MPCi similarly stated that Su "has not received any nonpublic information of SpaceX."
National security experts have raised questions about the potential risks posed by such foreign investment. Sarah Bauerle Danzman, an Indiana University professor who has worked for the State Department scrutinizing foreign investments, noted that the key concern would be whether China-based investors gained access to nonpublic SpaceX information or technology. "If an investor has conflicts of interests with other companies in China — if they could feed that information to competitors — it could be a national security concern," Danzman said. The U.S. government alleges that China has a strategy of using investments in sensitive industries for espionage and to obtain access to cutting-edge technology.
Why This Matters
This investigation exposes potential national security vulnerabilities in critical U.S. defense infrastructure. SpaceX manufactures spy satellites for the Pentagon and represents sensitive military technology. Foreign investment in such defense contractors poses espionage risks and could compromise classified technology or operational capabilities. The revelation that foreign investors gained stakes before regulatory barriers were introduced raises questions about whether information access occurred and whether similar risks exist in other defense sectors. For readers, this signals ongoing tensions between open capital markets and national security imperatives, and demonstrates how geopolitical competition shapes corporate governance and investment policies.
Timeline & Sources
Jan 1, 2020
WireDavid Su's entity invests $15 million in a SpaceX fund
Jan 1, 2025
WireMPCi named as partner in Chinese government's state-backed aerospace development effort
Jun 18, 2026
WireProPublica publishes investigation revealing foreign investors' stakes in SpaceX
Jun 18, 2026
WireSpaceX completes largest IPO in history, making Elon Musk world's first trillionaire
Entities
Sources
- Before SpaceX IPO, investors in China secretly acquired stakesars_technicaMediaJun 18, 2026
- Before SpaceX IPO, Investors in China Secretly Acquired Stakes | One previously unreported SpaceX investor has ties to Chinese military contractors. The information was revealed only after ProPublica went to court to obtain itpropublica.orgMediaJun 18, 2026