Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Türkiye pledge immediate military cooperation under Makkah Defence Alliance

The meeting operationalizes a three-country collective defense pact signed in August, creating institutional infrastructure (permanent secretariat in Riyadh, secretary general appointment) and pledging real-time military coordination and intelligence sharing. Affected parties include Saudi Arabia (target of Houthi missile and drone attacks on infrastructure and cities), Pakistan and Türkiye (treaty signatories committing armed response if any member is attacked), and regional actors dependent on Red Sea shipping. Measurable next steps include secretariat operations, defense committee meetings, and joint military operations protocols—with direct bearing on escalation dynamics in Yemen-Saudi conflict and regional security partnerships.